Priming, Destabilizing, Coercing: Russian Hybrid Tactics in Europe 2022-2025

This report draws on 255 hybrid incidents targeting six European countries (France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Estonia, Moldova, and Georgia) between February 2022 and December 2025. Analysis of Russian hybrid tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) is based on an open-source incident database compiled by the authors, as well as 22 expert interviews conducted across government, intelligence, academia, and civil society.

Co-Authored by: Clara Broekaert, Nikkie Lyubarsky, Colin Clarke, Joseph Shelzi

 

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